Air
Quality in and around the Industrial Corridor of Jharsuguda and Sambalpur
District, Odisha, India and the Rate of Pulmonary Diseases
Miss Sharvani Satpathy*1, Dr. Sanjib Kumar Naik 2,
*1“UDAYAN”,
In front of Sambalpur University Main Gate, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha, India, 768019
2Sundargarh
Engineering College, Sundargarh, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
A study for assessment of air quality was carried
out in and around the Industrial belt of Jharsuguda and Sambalpur district of
Odisha, India. The 24 hrs average concentrations of Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), were determined at regular
intervals throughout three seasons for three years at ten monitoring stations
in residential areas and industrial areas. The 24 hrs average SPM and RPM concentrations
were 340.64µg/m3 and 131µg/m3 in industrial corridor. During the study period,
24 hrs and annual average RPM and SPM concentrations exceeded the respective
standards set in the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)
protocol as well as USEPA, EU,WHO and World Bank standards at most of the
residential and industrial areas. The
SPM, RPM have exceeded the permissible standard throughout the year. Several field trips around
the study area have been conducted and standard method have been applied to measure the air quality
parameters for consecutively three years (2017, 2018 and 2019) to evaluate
the present status of air pollution. The Air pollution has affected the
inhabitants and pulmonary diseases are in rising. This locality
immediately needs remedial measures to control the pollution rate and to
provide a quality life to the inhabitants.
KEYWORDS: Dust,
Tuberculosis,
Air Quality, Pulmonary Diseases, Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM)
I.
INTRODUCTION
The environmental
pollution in an industrial cluster is a matter of great concern and also a
critical issue for the public. Pollution
in a cluster being a complex multi-dimensional problem is often difficult to
measure and manage and it is very difficult to predict its effect on the
environment and man. To address such a complex problem, we have made an attempt
to study a cluster of Odisha. It is located in the district of Sambalpur and
Jharsguda (Fig.1), which is considered a critically polluted area. Huge
deposits of coal in the area and a vast water reservoir (Hirakud), mineral
availability along with good connectivity of road and rail makes the area a
most ideal site for the production of thermal power, sponge iron, iron and
steel , aluminium smelter and cement. Small scale industries like rice mills,
bricks kilns and stone crushers are also operating in this area. The major
problem in the region is air pollution from different power plants and other
metallurgical industries. The major air pollutants are suspended particulate
matters, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The
particulate matter going to the atmosphere is generally of size 0.1 to 100
micron of particle size. The inhabitants are
exposed to the dust
continuously and get infected with infectious and contagious pulmonary
disease such as Tuberculosis. Field surveys
adopting questionnaire method have been carried out around the study area to detect the effect
of dust and threat of pulmonary disease
mostly Tuberculosis. (Attfield and Hodous,
1992; Levinson and Jawetz, 2003).
Dust causes disastrous
effects and various health hazards. 2 to 20 micron size of dust particles affects the lungs and dust
particles having 2-3 micron size are more dangerous. Epithelial tissue of lungs
is affected by the dust
of about 1micronsize (Attfield and Hodous, 1992; Attfield and Seixas,
1995; Henneberger and Attfield,
1996).The less the size of the dust greater is the deposit in the lungs. The dust finally causes
lesions in the lungs.
|
5
|
II.
METHODOLOGY
Standard method and analysis was performed for
collection of sample and laboratory studies [IS: 5182(part-4):1999, IS5182 (Part-6):1975,
IS: 5182(Part-2):1969.]
Present Study
The
air samples were collected in every month in each season i.e during winter
(December to February), pre-monsoon (March to May), post monsoon (October and
November) and brought to the laboratory and ambient air quality monitoring were
analyzed. The mean of various parameters were compared with National Ambient
Air Quality Standards. The present work was carried out to provide information
on the ambient air quality in the Industrial area. The location of sampling
station are shown in Fig-1 and details are in Table-1
a)
Location of
Sampling Stations
Table-1
|
Station Code
|
Name of Location and
|
Direction from core area and Nature of the
locality
|
Distance from core (in km)
|
Description of the location
|
|
S1
|
Jharsuguda Town
|
North ,Town
|
20
|
Town area
|
|
S2
|
Brundamal
|
North, Railway siding
|
12
|
Railway platform is near to it
|
|
S3
|
Thelkoli
|
North, Industrial Area
|
6
|
Iron
and Steel industry near to this place
|
|
S4
|
Village Tumbekela
|
South, coal mines and residential Area
|
15
|
M/S
Talabira Coal mines of Hindalco operating near to it.
|
|
S5
|
Main gate of Aditya Birla Aluminium
smelter Main Gate
|
Core area
|
0
|
Industrial
area
|
|
S6
|
Main Gate Shyam DRI plant
|
South
|
05
|
Shyam DRI steal and Power plant and
other two small sponge Iron Plants.
|
|
S7
|
Rengali
|
South-East, residential
|
10
|
Small
town area Railway track is 1KM away from sampling station
|
|
S8
|
Sason Canal
|
Residential Area and side of SH-10
|
15
|
2nos
of sponge iron plants and rice Mills operating in this area
|
|
S9
|
Seven Hills Residential School
|
South East , Residential
|
20
|
No industries are located in this
area. Sampling station is located near to SH-10
|
|
S10
|
Aithapali, Sambalur
|
Market and commercial Area
|
25
|
Commercial Area Located side of SH-10
and NH-6
|
III.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS
The study area
has been considered to be an area covered within a radius of 30kms Jharsguda
town covering Sambalpur. The survey has been conducted during period of three
years from January 2017 to December 2019. The Suspended Particulate Matter
(SPM) also known as PM10, Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) also
known as PM2.5 are collected on a fortnightly basis, during the
first and the third week of each month, throughout the year except rainy season
by running the Respirable Dust Samplers (Model: Envirotech, APM 451 and 460
with gaseous sampling attachment) for 8 hours in the day time (10.00AM to
6.00PM). The measured values have been compared with 24 hourly standard
stipulated as per National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), prescribed by
CPCB, India for Residential, Rural and other. Sampling was done as per the
standard sampling procedure of Bureau of Indian Standard [IS:
5182(part-4):1999, IS5182 (Part-6):1975, IS: 5182(Part-2):1969].
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SPM and RPM concentration: The estimated dust concentrations in various
samplinglocationsarepresentedintheTable-1. The estimated
SPM and RPM concentrations in and
around the industrial sites are
more than the residential areas.
Detection
of Pulmonary Disease: To find out the effect of dust on the
health of people living in and around the study area, a sample of public (330inhabitantsin2017,312 in 2018 and327in2019)were
interviewed using a questionnaire. Questions in the questionnaire
were drafted to detect the
public’s awareness to pulmonary diseases mostly the
Tuberculosis. This preliminary survey adopting
questionnaire method made us possible to detect early symptoms of pulmonary diseases
among the local inhabitants.
Due to the air pollution the local inhabitants are also being
affected by respiratory disorders like black lung, bronchitis, asthma,
pulmonary fibrosis and many other diseases such as eye irritation,
hypertension, lung cancer, etc. The numbers of suspected persons detected
are181, 223 and 245 during 2017, 2018 and
2019 respectively.
The
three years average data of SPM and RPM have shown in the Table-2 and Table-3
respectively. Year wise concentration of SPM for ten sampling stations has been
shown in Fig-2. Concentration of SPM of each sampling station S1 to S10 have
been shown in the Fig-3 to Fig-12
Table-2:
Three years Average data of the pollutants SPM
|
Station Code
|
SPM in PPM
|
|||
|
|
2017
|
2018
|
2019
|
Avg.
|
|
S1
|
334.43
|
339.87
|
332.37
|
335.56
|
|
S2
|
437.33
|
335.37
|
340.37
|
371.02
|
|
S3
|
450.13
|
453.53
|
460.60
|
454.75
|
|
S4
|
438.87
|
437.67
|
341.67
|
406.07
|
|
S5
|
336.87
|
339.87
|
334.20
|
336.98
|
|
S6
|
442.53
|
436.87
|
441.53
|
440.31
|
|
S7
|
322.90
|
334.43
|
330.43
|
329.25
|
|
S8
|
218.43
|
224.47
|
222.80
|
221.9
|
|
S9
|
180.80
|
185.40
|
182.40
|
182.87
|
|
S10
|
325.83
|
327.33
|
330.00
|
327.72
|
|
Avg.
|
350.41
|
341.66
|
331.56
|
340.64
|
Table-3: Three years Average data of the
pollutants RPM
|
Station Code
|
RPM in PPM
|
|||
|
|
2017
|
2018
|
2019
|
Avg.
|
|
S1
|
128
|
130
|
125
|
127.7
|
|
S2
|
130
|
131
|
139
|
133.3
|
|
S3
|
151
|
151
|
158
|
153.3
|
|
S4
|
135
|
134
|
140
|
136.3
|
|
S5
|
127
|
125
|
130
|
127.3
|
|
S6
|
148
|
149
|
149
|
148.7
|
|
S7
|
120
|
121
|
122
|
121.0
|
|
S8
|
119
|
118
|
120
|
119.0
|
|
S9
|
120
|
121
|
120
|
120.3
|
|
S10
|
121
|
120
|
128
|
123.0
|
|
Avg.
|
129.9
|
130
|
133.1
|
131.0
|
Table-4: National Air quality standards 1994 for sulphur dioxide ,oxide
of nitrogen and respirable particulate matter and international standards2
|
|
Concentration of ambient air ug/m3
|
|||||||
|
Indian Standard
|
International standards
|
|||||||
|
Pollutant
|
Time weighted average
|
Industrial area
|
Residential area
|
Sensitive area
|
USEPA
|
EU
|
WHO
|
World Bank
|
|
RPM
|
Annual Average
|
120
|
60
|
50
|
50
|
40
|
50
|
50
|
|
|
24 hrs
|
150
|
100
|
75
|
150
|
50
|
-
|
150
|
|
SPM
|
Annual Average
|
360
|
140
|
70
|
75
|
150
|
60-90
|
80
|
|
|
24 hrs
|
500
|
200
|
100
|
260
|
300
|
150-230
|
230
|
|
SO2
|
Annual Average
|
80
|
60
|
15
|
80
|
80
|
40-60
|
50
|
|
|
24 hrs
|
120
|
80
|
30
|
365
|
250
|
100-150
|
150
|
|
NOx
|
Annual Average
|
80
|
60
|
15
|
100
|
200
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
24 hrs
|
120
|
80
|
30
|
-
|
-
|
150
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a. Graphical
Analysis of Concentration of SPM:
Concentration of Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) also called PM10
have been analyzed graphical for easy understanding the critical concentration
level as compared to the standard in the
following Fig-2 to Fig-16.
Fig-2: Year wise concentration of SPM for ten sampling stations
Fig-3 SPM
of Sampling station-S1 Fig-4
SPM of Sampling station-S2
Fig-5 SPM
of Sampling station-S3 Fig-6
SPM of Sampling station-S4
Fig-7 SPM
of Sampling station-S5 Fig-8
SPM of Sampling station-S6
Fig-9 SPM
of Sampling station-S7 Fig-10
SPM of Sampling station-S8
Fig-11 SPM
of Sampling station-S9 Fig-12 SPM of Sampling station-S10
The concentration
of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Year wise 2017, 2018 and 2019 have been
shown with its standard acceptable values in Fig-13 to Fig-15 and three years
average in Fig-16. It has been observed that in all the sampling stations the
values are exceeding the limit which is a great concern of survival with
healthy life. This leads to different diseases along with related respiratory
diseases.
Fig-13 SPM
for the year 2017 Fig-14 SPM for the year 2018
Fig-15 SPM
for the year 2019 Fig-16 Average of SPM for three years
b. Graphical
Analysis of RPM:
Concentration of Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) also called PM2.5have
been analyzed for easy comparison with different standard values in the Fig-17.Sampling
station wise comparative study has been represented in Fig-18 to Fig-27. Year
wise studies have been done in Fig-28 to Fig-30. Average of three years study
have been shown in Fig-31
Fig-17 Year wise concentration of RPM for ten sampling stations
Fig-18 RPM of Sampling station-S1 Fig-19 RPM of Sampling station-S2
Fig-20 RPM of Sampling station-S3 Fig-21 RPM of Sampling station-S4
Fig-22 RPM
of Sampling station-S5 Fig-23
RPM of Sampling station-S6
Fig-24 RPM
of Sampling station-S7 Fig-25
RPM of Sampling station-S8
Fig-26 RPM
of Sampling station-S9 Fig-27
RPM of Sampling station-S10
Fig-28 R PM for the year 2019 Fig-29 RPM for the year 2019
Fig-30 RPM
for the year 2019 Fig-31 Average of RPM for three years
V.
CONCLUSION
In
the present study, estimation of the air pollution in
the investigated area has been
carried out and it was found that the
two important parameters SPM and RPM had higher values than its standard limit.
Therefore it is obvious that the number
of suspected Tuberculosis infected patients are detected high for consecutive three years in a row (2017, 2018 and 2019). The study shows
that both air pollution with SPM as well as RPM and number of Tuberculosis patients have increased significantly in the successive
years of investigation. It is also evident from the
records of the CDMO office of Jharsuguda that the district has recorded Tuberculosis
as a serious health hazard in the district. In last 5 Years 83926 cases of Tuberculosis
has been registered and 60 cases of death due to Tuberculosis also has been
registered. (District Disaster Management Plan Jharsuguda , ODISHA 2018 Volume-
I). The results depict a direct relationship between air pollution and pulmonary
diseases. It has been observed that in all the sampling
stations the values of SPM
and RPM are exceeding
the standard limit which is of great concern for survival of local inhabitants with
a healthy life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge
friends and family members who helped immensely in this research work.
VI.
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